Complicated systems
Complicated systems consist of many individual parts, all of which must function correctly for the whole to remain stable. If one part fails, the system frequently comes to a standstill. To make it operational again, monitoring, repair, and external interventions are necessary. Typical examples are machines, technical installations, or bureaucratic structures.
They are prone to errors and have a low tolerance for deviations.
Complex systems
Even complex systems consist of many parts, but these are in constant interaction with one another and do not rely on perfection. When something gets out of balance, the system frequently adapts on its own and finds new stable states. Disturbances and errors can thereby lead to learning and further development. Soil, ecosystems, animal herds, and social communities are typical examples of complex systems.
They are self-regulatory and more robust as long as they are given room to respond to changes.
In short
In a complicated system, a single error can paralyze the whole thing.
In a complex system, errors become part of the adaptation process.
Precisely this difference makes working with living systems less controllable – though in the long run often more stable and meaningful.
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